Since at least the 1930s, mental health professionals in the city of Jerusalem have attested to the existence of a peculiar syndrome affecting some first-time visitors. Referred to as the Jerusalem syndrome, it is described as an intense religious psychosis characterized by delusions, obsessive ideas, or other psychotic symptoms that can affect first-time visitors to the city and can quickly resolve in a matter of weeks. There is a suggested typology of Jerusalem syndrome episodes based on whether there is a preexisting psychiatric history or idiosyncratic ideation involved.
Case histories that have been reported include one individual, who was observed to be dressed in a white tunic and wearing a gilded crown on his head welcomes tourists and pilgrims on their way to the Wailing Wall and proclaiming himself as King David. Being the psalmist, he held a lyre and sang psalms accompanied by occasional preaching. Another case involved a self-proclaimed "messiah" who was observed to guard the entry to Jerusalem and calling on all sinners to repent as he claimed the doomsday is near. Another individual referred to himself as "Samson" and attempted to move the giant stones of the Wailing Wall "to the right place". After fighting down policemen who tried to interfere, "Samson" was taken to the Kfar Shaul Psychiatric Hospital in Jerusalem where he was treated and later released. Research into Jerusalem Syndrome has indicated that 1200 tourists diagnosed with the syndrome were admitted to the hospital over the period from 1980 to 1993. An estimated 100 cases are diagnosed each year.
While episodes of Jerusalem syndrome have been observed in Christians and Jews of different denominations, there is no consistent pattern noted. The term, Jerusalem syndrome, has come under dispute as similar pathology has been observed in pilgrims visiting other religious sites, including Rome and Mecca.
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